Can something as simple as a diet reduce the pain in fibromyalgia? We know that diet can have a huge influence on health, but little study has been done on their effects on pain. Some evidence does suggest that some diets may be able to reduce or increase pain levels possibly through influencing inflammatory processes. Ketogenic diets have reduced pain in laboratory animals. Pro-inflammatory diets have been proposed to contribute to chronic pain states, and some think that adding anti-inflammatory foods promoting foods may be able to relieve pain.
Recently, Portuguese researchers evaluated whether the FODMAPS diet developed to help people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) might help in fibromyalgia.
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[/fright]Developed by researchers at the University of Melbourne, Australia the odd-sounding FODMAPS diet addresses two factors often associated with gastrointestinal issues - increased fermentation and problems with sugar absorption.
FODMAPS are foods made up of short-chain sugars that tend to pass through most of the gut unchanged. When they hit the end of the gut they get fermented by bacteria there resulting, in some people, in gas and gut distension. The FODMAPS diet came out of the recognition that distension of the intestinal tract – probably caused by high rates of fermentation – is a source of pain in many people with IBS.
Numerous studies indicate that the diet works in IBS: a recent review found that up to 86% of IBS patients get good results from it. Recently, though, the diet's begun to be applied to people with other chronic illnesses. According to Diet vs Disease case studies suggest that a low FODMAP diet may be helpful in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis or eczema and migraines that get triggered after meals. One interesting study found that a low FODMAPS diet relieved exercise induced gastrointestinal problems in athletes.
The FODMAPS acronym stands for
The diet is not intended to be permanent as it reduces the consumption of prebiotic fibers believed important in preventing colon cancer. It generally lasts from 4-6 weeks after which higher FODMAPS foods are gradually introduced.
The Study
A low fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet is a balanced therapy for fibromyalgia with nutritional and symptomatic benefits. Marum AP1, Moreira C, Tomas-Carus P, Saraiva F, Guerreiro CS. Nutr Hosp. 2017 Jun 5;34(3):667-674. doi: 10.20960/nh.703.
A 2016 study by this group found that a FODMAPS diet reduced IBS symptoms in FM.
The trial lasted 4-8 weeks during which the 38 participants provided researchers a diary of the amounts of each food they ate. The researchers then estimated the amounts of lactose, fructans, galactans, free fructose and polyols (g/day), energy (kcal/day), and macronutrients/micronutrients consumed by the participants. At a second time point high FODMAPS foods began to be reintroduced.
The participants in this study :
Results
The low FODMAPS diet was a partial success. Gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating and constipation declined greatly and fibromyalgia symptoms such as pain, muscle stiffness, and FM severity scores declined by about 25%.
Obesity rates tend to be increased in fibromyalgia and have been associated with increased pain and reduced functionality. The authors touted the reductions in weight, body mass-index and waist circumference achieved on the diet, but while the reductions were statistically significant, they were relatively minor with an average weight loss of 4 lbs (from 152-148 lbs), an BMI reduction of .4 (27.2-26.8), and a waist reduction of 2.5 cms. (33-32") ).
As foods began to be reintroduced, most of the helpful changes produced by the FODMAPS diet appeared to stick. Increases in bloating and IBS symptoms began to climb but were still quite a bit lower than before the diet and the reductions in overall pain largely remained.
Why the diet might be helping is unclear but Dr. Michael Russo believes that FODMAPS diets are starving bacteria in the gut that are promoting inflammation. Since the FODMAPS diet was designed to stop problems with intestinal permeability and the resulting inflammation, that idea makes sense.
Diets and Fibromyalgia
Diets are one factor that anyone can conceivably change. Some researchers believe that diet can contribute to central sensitization. Certainly, anecdotal reports suggest that dietary changes can cause major improvements in some people with FM. Study evidence on the effectiveness of diet changes in FM and chronic pain is relatively rare but some studies have been done.
A huge British birth cohort study (n=8572) examining the effect of diet on people with chronic widespread pain suggested that a poorer diet could be contributing to their pain. Women in chronic widespread pain (CWP) were likely to be heavier and have unhealthy diets which included more fatty foods such as potato chips and fries and which featured fewer vegetables than women without CWP. The study suggested that the inflammatory nature of diets high in processed fatty foods could be contributing to their pain.
[fright]
[/fright]A large Spanish study (n=486 women) suggested that better diets may lead to more well-being in FM. Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables and a moderate consumption of fish (2 to 5 servings per week) was associated with higher scores in mental health and lower levels of depression. Regular consumption of vegetables and a moderate consumption of dairy products and fish were associated with higher levels of optimism.
Regular consumption of cured meats and sweetened beverages, on the other hand, was associated with higher levels of depression and lower levels of optimism, respectively.
A dietary assessment study suggested that the FM patients' diets were lower in nutrients than those of the healthy controls. Reduced Vitamin E and protein levels in the FM group were associated with reduced quality of life and increased pain sensitivity, respectively. Another study suggested that in general women with FM probably had better diets (lower consumption of sugars, alcohol, soft drinks) than usual.
A year-long gluten free diet in people with FM, irritable bowel syndrome and lymphocytic enteritis produced a "slight but significant improvement of their functional symptoms". A small, low salt, raw vegan FM (n=33) trial produced reductions in pain (p=0.005), joint stiffness (p=0.001), quality of sleep (p=0.0001) and overall (Health assessment questionnaire -HAQ) (p=0.031), body mass index (BMI) and cholesterol. Another small raw food diet study produced similar results.
If you include artificial sweeteners in your diet you should know that removing aspartame from the diets of two people with fibromyalgia reportedly resulted in the complete resolution of their symptoms.
Similarly, removing "excitotoxins" such as aspartame and MSG resulted in the complete or near complete resolution the symptoms in four FM patients.
Conclusion
More study needs to be done but this study suggested that a short-term FODMAPS study may be able to reduce pain in fibromyalgia. Larger and longer term studies are needed to validate the study's results and to determine if the effect lasts. The FODMAPS diet may be able to reduce pain by reducing inflammation emanating from the gut.
Resources
How to Books on the FODMAPS Diet
Recently, Portuguese researchers evaluated whether the FODMAPS diet developed to help people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) might help in fibromyalgia.
[fright]
FODMAPS are foods made up of short-chain sugars that tend to pass through most of the gut unchanged. When they hit the end of the gut they get fermented by bacteria there resulting, in some people, in gas and gut distension. The FODMAPS diet came out of the recognition that distension of the intestinal tract – probably caused by high rates of fermentation – is a source of pain in many people with IBS.
Numerous studies indicate that the diet works in IBS: a recent review found that up to 86% of IBS patients get good results from it. Recently, though, the diet's begun to be applied to people with other chronic illnesses. According to Diet vs Disease case studies suggest that a low FODMAP diet may be helpful in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis or eczema and migraines that get triggered after meals. One interesting study found that a low FODMAPS diet relieved exercise induced gastrointestinal problems in athletes.
The FODMAPS acronym stands for
- Fermentation – foods (oligo, poly, di and monosaccharide and polyol foods) that cause fermentation. They include foods of the following types:
- Oligosaccharides – composed of simple sugars, include wheat, rye, barley, onions, shallots, spring onions, garlic, legumes, lentils, artichokes, and chicory.
- Disaccharides – foods containing double sugar molecules (lactose) such as milk, yogurt, and ice cream.
- Monosaccharides – foods containing single sugar molecules (fructose) such as honey, corn syrup, mango, apples, pears, and watermelon.
- Polyols – foods containing sugar alcohols — sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol — such as stone fruits like avocados, cherries, peaches, plums, apricots, and nectarines.
The diet is not intended to be permanent as it reduces the consumption of prebiotic fibers believed important in preventing colon cancer. It generally lasts from 4-6 weeks after which higher FODMAPS foods are gradually introduced.
The Study
A low fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet is a balanced therapy for fibromyalgia with nutritional and symptomatic benefits. Marum AP1, Moreira C, Tomas-Carus P, Saraiva F, Guerreiro CS. Nutr Hosp. 2017 Jun 5;34(3):667-674. doi: 10.20960/nh.703.
A 2016 study by this group found that a FODMAPS diet reduced IBS symptoms in FM.
The trial lasted 4-8 weeks during which the 38 participants provided researchers a diary of the amounts of each food they ate. The researchers then estimated the amounts of lactose, fructans, galactans, free fructose and polyols (g/day), energy (kcal/day), and macronutrients/micronutrients consumed by the participants. At a second time point high FODMAPS foods began to be reintroduced.
The participants in this study :
- Replaced dairy products with lactose free products and dairy alternative drinks;
- Reduced fructose intake by replacing apples, mangos, peaches, pears, watermelon, honey and sweeteners with bananas, blueberries, grapes, melons, oranges, strawberries;
- reduced fructans rich foods such as wheat, rye, onion, garlic with corn, spelt, rice, oat, gluten free products and garlic-infused oil;
- reduced galactan rich foods such as cabbage, chickpeas, beans, lentils with carrots, celery, green beans, lettuce, pumpkin, potatoes and tomatoes;
- reduced polyols rich foods such as apricots, cherries, nectarine, plums, cauliflower, sorbitol xilitol with fruits such as grapefruit, kiwifruit, lemon, lime, passionfruit.
Results
The low FODMAPS diet was a partial success. Gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating and constipation declined greatly and fibromyalgia symptoms such as pain, muscle stiffness, and FM severity scores declined by about 25%.
Obesity rates tend to be increased in fibromyalgia and have been associated with increased pain and reduced functionality. The authors touted the reductions in weight, body mass-index and waist circumference achieved on the diet, but while the reductions were statistically significant, they were relatively minor with an average weight loss of 4 lbs (from 152-148 lbs), an BMI reduction of .4 (27.2-26.8), and a waist reduction of 2.5 cms. (33-32") ).
As foods began to be reintroduced, most of the helpful changes produced by the FODMAPS diet appeared to stick. Increases in bloating and IBS symptoms began to climb but were still quite a bit lower than before the diet and the reductions in overall pain largely remained.
Why the diet might be helping is unclear but Dr. Michael Russo believes that FODMAPS diets are starving bacteria in the gut that are promoting inflammation. Since the FODMAPS diet was designed to stop problems with intestinal permeability and the resulting inflammation, that idea makes sense.
Diets and Fibromyalgia
Diets are one factor that anyone can conceivably change. Some researchers believe that diet can contribute to central sensitization. Certainly, anecdotal reports suggest that dietary changes can cause major improvements in some people with FM. Study evidence on the effectiveness of diet changes in FM and chronic pain is relatively rare but some studies have been done.
A huge British birth cohort study (n=8572) examining the effect of diet on people with chronic widespread pain suggested that a poorer diet could be contributing to their pain. Women in chronic widespread pain (CWP) were likely to be heavier and have unhealthy diets which included more fatty foods such as potato chips and fries and which featured fewer vegetables than women without CWP. The study suggested that the inflammatory nature of diets high in processed fatty foods could be contributing to their pain.
[fright]
Regular consumption of cured meats and sweetened beverages, on the other hand, was associated with higher levels of depression and lower levels of optimism, respectively.
A dietary assessment study suggested that the FM patients' diets were lower in nutrients than those of the healthy controls. Reduced Vitamin E and protein levels in the FM group were associated with reduced quality of life and increased pain sensitivity, respectively. Another study suggested that in general women with FM probably had better diets (lower consumption of sugars, alcohol, soft drinks) than usual.
A year-long gluten free diet in people with FM, irritable bowel syndrome and lymphocytic enteritis produced a "slight but significant improvement of their functional symptoms". A small, low salt, raw vegan FM (n=33) trial produced reductions in pain (p=0.005), joint stiffness (p=0.001), quality of sleep (p=0.0001) and overall (Health assessment questionnaire -HAQ) (p=0.031), body mass index (BMI) and cholesterol. Another small raw food diet study produced similar results.
If you include artificial sweeteners in your diet you should know that removing aspartame from the diets of two people with fibromyalgia reportedly resulted in the complete resolution of their symptoms.
Similarly, removing "excitotoxins" such as aspartame and MSG resulted in the complete or near complete resolution the symptoms in four FM patients.
Conclusion
More study needs to be done but this study suggested that a short-term FODMAPS study may be able to reduce pain in fibromyalgia. Larger and longer term studies are needed to validate the study's results and to determine if the effect lasts. The FODMAPS diet may be able to reduce pain by reducing inflammation emanating from the gut.
Resources
How to Books on the FODMAPS Diet
- The Complete Low-FODMAP Diet: A Revolutionary Plan for Managing IBS and other Digestive Disorders - well-rated book from the originators of the diet.
- Healthy Gut, Flat Stomach: The Fast and Easy Low-FODMAP Diet Plan - a recent 2017 guide to FODMAPS, well-rated.
- Extensive list of high and low FODMAP foods
- A shorter downloadable FODMAP foods list
- Seven-day FODMAPS diet plan
- See Beating the Bloat: FODMAPS - the Best Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Check out more ME/CFS and FM diet resources in Health Rising's Diet Resources section.
![ME/CFS lecture | Dr Nancy Klimas | 2011 [Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / SEID / New Zealand] - YouTube](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
